Iyo guhuza guhuza byananiranye, intambwe zacu zambere zirimo gusuzuma niba imbaraga zifatika zihagije, kuvura hejuru birakwiye, gutera inda birahagije, kandi ibikoresho ntibisaza.
Ariko, mubikorwa byukuri bya injeniyeri, kunanirwa ntibitangira gusa gutangira imirimo; ahubwo, ingaruka zishobora kuba zimaze kuboneka iyo ibifatika bimaze gukira.
Izi ngaruka zishobora kubaho ni uguhangayika gusigaye imbere.
Ntabwo bigaragara kandi biragoye gupima neza neza, nyamara ntabwo ari amayobera muri kamere. Muri make, ibifata bigenda bigabanuka mugihe cyo gukiza no gukonja; niba substrate ikikije igabanya ihindagurika ryayo ryubusa, igice kitagabanijwe gihinduka impungenge zisigaye murwego rwifatanije.
Uyu munsi, nzabayobora mwese mugusobanukirwa neza iki gitekerezo.
0 1 Kuki kubyiga?
Ingaruka zo guhangayika imbere ni "imbaraga - ububiko".
Iyo ukize, igipande gifata kibika igice cyingufu zoroshye. Izi mbaraga nizo mbaraga zitera imbaraga zo gusibanganya intera, gukwirakwiza microcrack, no guhindura ibintu.
Fata intera yo gusibanganya no gusibanganya nkurugero: imihangayiko yimbere irundanya hejuru yumutwaro wibikorwa, bigatuma impagarara zifatika zirenze kure igishushanyo - kibarwa agaciro. Muyandi magambo, na mbere yuko igipande gifatika gitangira serivisi yemewe, interineti yamaze gukorerwa pre - bikabije.
Urundi rugero ni drift yukuri, yerekana cyane cyane kubangamira inteko zuzuye nka robo, moteri, nibikoresho bya optique.
Umwanya wa magnetiki yibanze muri moteri, guhuza ibice bya optique, hamwe nubunini bwibice byubatswe bishobora byose kumara igihe kirekire - bitewe nigihe cyo kurekura buhoro buhoro imihangayiko yimbere. Niba ibice byujuje ubuziranenge mugihe cyo guterana ariko bikerekana gutandukana nyuma yamasaha amagana yo gukora, ibibazo nkibi akenshi bituruka kumyitwarire yimbere.
Byongeye kandi, ubuzima bw'umunaniro buragabanuka. Guhangayikishwa imbere byerekana igihe kirekire - igihe cyo kugereranya urwego rwagabanije hamwe kugabanya ubuzima bwumunaniro. Ihuriro ryubushyuhe bwo gusiganwa ku magare, ubushuhe, hamwe no kunyeganyega akenshi biganisha ku bihe ibicuruzwa byatsinze ibizamini byambere ariko bikananirana mugihe cyo kubyara byinshi.
Kubwibyo, guhangayika imbere ntabwo arikibazo cya kabiri ahubwo ni ikintu cyibanze gisabwa kugirango uhuze kwizerwa. Ntabwo igena gusa niba gufatana bishobora kubaho, ariko kandi nigihe igihe umurunga uzakomeza kuba mwiza nyuma.
0 2 Imyitwarire yimbere ikomoka he?
Kugira ngo wumve imihangayiko y'imbere, umuntu agomba kubanza kumva inkomoko yayo.
Guhangayikishwa imbere mugihe cyo gukiza bifata muburyo bubiri bwubwoko bugaragaza ubushake bwo gusezerana ariko ntibushobora kubikora.
Icyiciro cya mbere ni ugukiza kugabanuka, bizwi kandi no kugabanya imiti.
Muri monomers y'amazi, molekile ikomeza umubano binyuze mumbaraga za van der Waals (imikoranire idakomeye). Nta sano ihuza imiti hagati ya atome ya molekile ebyiri; zibaho gusa hafi yegeranye, hamwe nintera isanzwe ya 0.3-0.4 nm (igereranya igiteranyo cya van der Waals radii ya molekile zombi).
Mugihe cya polymerisation reaction, covalent bond iba hagati ya monomers. Dufashe urugero rwa C - C rusanzwe nkurugero, uburebure bwarwo bugera kuri 0.154 nm. Ibi bivuze ko molekile ebyiri zabanje gutandukanywa nintera ireshya na 0.35 nm ubu ihujwe ku gahato nu mugozi wa covalent ufite uburebure bwa 0.15 nm - bigatuma kugabanuka kwintera hagati ya kimwe cya kabiri. (Ishusho)
Kurwego rwa macroscopique, icyarimwe kugabanuka kwa trillioni zingana na molekile zombi zigaragara nko kugabanya amajwi. Izi ninkurikizi zumubiri zidashobora kwirindwa rwose muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwa polymerisiyonike.
Icyiciro cya kabiri ni impungenge zidahuye nubushyuhe.
Ibikoresho byinshi bisaba gushyushya kugirango bikire. Nyuma yo gukira, iyo ikonje kuva ubushyuhe bwinshi kugeza ubushyuhe bwicyumba, coefficient zo kwagura ubushyuhe bwa afashe na substrate ziratandukanye.
Coefficente yo kwagura amashyanyarazi isanzwe iri hejuru cyane ugereranije nibikoresho fatizo nkibyuma, magnesi, nubutaka. Mugihe cyo gukonjesha, ibifata bikunda kugabanuka cyane, ariko ibikoresho shingiro birinda kugabanuka kwubusa, bityo bikabuza igipande gifata kandi bigatera guhangayika imbere.
Igitekerezo gikomeye cyane hano ni gel point.
Mbere ya gel point, ibifata biguma bitemba kandi birashobora gutemba. Muri iki cyiciro, niyo habaho kugabanuka, ibintu birashobora gutandukanya ihinduka nkiryo binyuze mumigezi, kuvugurura ibintu, no kuzuza, bityo bikagabanya kwirundanya kwimbere.
Nyuma ya gel point, ibintu birahinduka. Umuyoboro wa gatatu - utangiye gukora muburyo bufatika, kandi ibintu bigenda bihinduka buhoro buhoro biva mumazi bijya kumurongo ukomeye. Kuri iki cyiciro, igiti gifatika kibona umutwaro - ubushobozi bwo gutwara kandi gitangira "kwibuka" ibyakurikiyeho no kugabanuka.
Muyandi magambo, igice cyo kwikuramo kibaho nyuma ya gel point ikunda rwose kubyara ibibazo byimbere.
Igihe kigenda gitera imbere, ibikoresho birakomera, kandi Tg yayo ikomeza kuzamuka. Iyo Tg irenze ubushyuhe bwimikorere ikora, igipande gifatika kiva muri rubberi kijya mubirahure.
Iyo winjiye mubirahuri, modulus yifatizo yiyongera byihuse, bigatuma urwego rwurunigi rugorana; kubwibyo, igice cyimyitwarire ishobora kurekurwa mbere biragoye kurekura.
Kubwibyo, guhangayika imbere birashobora kumvikana gusa:
Mbere ya gel point: kwikuramo bishobora kubaho bitabaye byoroshye guhangayika.
Nyuma ya gel point: geli ya geli itangira gukora urusobe, hanyuma kugabanuka gukumirwa.
Nyuma ya vitrification: ibikoresho biba bikomeye, hamwe n'iminyururu ya molekuline itajegajega, bigatuma guhangayika bigorana.
Nkuko twese tubizi:
Shimangira=Modulus × Imyitozo
Imyitwarire yanyuma imbere mod modulus nziza × (post - gelation ikiza kugabanuka + guhindura imiterere idahwitse) - kurekura
Ubushyuhe budahuye burashobora kumvikana gusa:
Ubushuhe budahuye nubushyuhe ≈ (coefficente yo kwagura ubushyuhe bwumuti - coefficente yo kwagura ubushyuhe bwa substrate) × itandukaniro ryubushyuhe bwiza
Gusa kwikuramo no kudahuza ubushyuhe bibaho nyuma ya gel point, bikubye na modulus ikomeza kwiyongera, ukuyemo igice cyarekuwe binyuze mumyidagaduro mugihe cyibikorwa, bigize iherezo ryimbere ryimbere.
Iyi ni nayo mpamvu ituma guhangayika imbere bitoroshye kwiga: ntabwo bivuka gitunguranye mugihe kimwe ahubwo birundanya buhoro buhoro mugihe cyo gukiza no gukonja. Muri ubu buryo bwose, kugabanuka, ubushyuhe, modulus, hamwe nubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kurekura stress byose bigenda bihinduka.
03 Uburyo bwo kuranga: Banza upime "ibisubizo," hanyuma upime "impamvu."
Ubu birazwi hose ko guhangayika imbere bidatunguranye mugihe kimwe, ahubwo birundanya buhoro buhoro mugihe cyo gukiza no gukonja.
Ibintu byose hano bihora bihinduka: igipimo cyo kugabanuka, ubushyuhe, modulus, ndetse nubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kurekura stress byose biratandukanye.
Kubwibyo, kuranga imihangayiko y'imbere ntibishobora gushingira gusa ku gaciro kamwe k'umubare; igomba icyarimwe gukemura ibibazo bibiri:
Ubwa mbere, ni ubuhe buryo bwo guhangayika cyangwa guhindura ibintu bikomeza kurangira?
Icya kabiri, ni gute iyi mihangayiko ikorwa mugihe cyo gukira?
Mugihe cyo kugerageza uburyo, birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri.
Icyiciro kimwe gikubiyemo gupima mu buryo butaziguye guhangayika cyangwa ibisubizo byahinduwe, mugihe ikindi gipima ibipimo byimbere kugirango dushyireho icyitegererezo.
Icyiciro 1: Ibipimo bitaziguye byo guhangayika cyangwa ibisubizo byo guhindura ibintu
Ubu buryo bwibanda ku kumenya urugero rwo guhindura ibintu cyangwa guhangayika gusigaye kwatewe mu miterere nyuma yo gufatira gukira.
Uburyo bwa kera cyane ni uburyo bwa cantilever beam cyangwa bimaterial beam yunamye. Ibifatika bikoreshwa kumpapuro zoroshye, wafer ya silicon, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byubutaka; mugihe cyo gukira, kugabanuka gufatika bitera substrate kunama. Mugupima kugabanuka mugihe nyacyo no gukoresha uburyo busa nuburinganire bwa Stoney, impuzandengo yikigereranyo kiri murwego rushobora kubarwa. Ubu buryo butanga ibyiza byo gushishoza kandi neza - byashizweho, bigafasha kubona amashusho yimirongo yerekana uburyo imihangayiko itandukana nigihe cyo gukiza.
Hariho na fibre Bragg grating (FBG) tekinike. Mugushiramo fibre optique murwego rwa gel, imbaraga muri gel zirashobora gupimwa mugihe nyacyo. Ubu buryo butanga ibisobanuro nyabyo byerekana imiterere yimbere ya gel ugereranije nuburinganire bwimiterere yonyine, nubwo bisaba amafaranga menshi kandi bigoye gukora.
Gukiza kugenzura ibibazo muri laminates ikoresheje sensor ya optique ikwirakwizwa (Inkomoko yishusho)
Kubifata neza, uburyo bwo gufotora cyangwa uburyo bwa birefringence burashobora kandi gukoreshwa kugirango harebwe igabanywa ryimyitwarire ukoresheje stress - iterwa na birefringence.
Byongeye kandi, uburyo nko gucukura, icyitegererezo cyibanze, X - itandukanya imishwarara (XRD), gukwirakwiza neutron, hamwe nisesengura rya Raman birashobora kandi gukoreshwa mubihe byihariye byo gupima imihangayiko isigaye cyangwa imbaraga zitaziguye.