I. Icyiciro kidahwitse: Nta sisitemu ihuriweho (1930–1971)
Nyuma y’Impinduramatwara y’inganda, ibikoresho bya pulasitiki n’ibifuro byamenyekanye cyane, hamwe na EVA, reberi, hamwe n’ibisigarira bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byo mu rugo, mu bwishingizi, no mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki; icyakora, nta sisitemu yemewe yo gusuzuma flame retardancy sisitemu.
1930: Igipimo cy’abanyamerika ASTM cyatangije igisekuru cya mbere cyo gupima umuriro, gipima gusa igipimo cyo gutwika gutambitse no gutandukanya "gutinda - gutwika" na "kwihuta - gutwika," nta tegeko ryateganijwe ryo gutwikwa guhagaritse cyangwa gusuzuma impanuka.
1950 - 1960: Ibintu byumuriro birimo ibikoresho bya elegitoronike byiyongereye cyane; kuba hari ibitonyanga bishongeshejwe bishobora gutwika umuriro wa kabiri byateje akaga gakomeye, nyamara ntihariho gahunda ihuriweho nisi yose yo guhuza umuriro uhagaze.
Inzitizi zikomeye zinganda: Kuri EVA na reberi isanzwe, kurwanya umuriro birashobora gusuzumwa gusa; ibisubizo by'ibizamini biva muri laboratoire zitandukanye kubintu bimwe ntabwo bihuye rwose; kandi nta bipimo bihuriweho by’umutekano byoherezwa mu mahanga - bishingiye kuri elegitoroniki n’inganda za PCB.
II. Ivuka ryambere ryambere: Gushiraho Ibanze Bitatu {{1} System Sisitemu Urwego (1972–1990, UL94 Imirongo 1–3)
Mu 1972, UL yasohoye igitabo cya mbere cya UL94 - ku rwego rwa mbere ku isi mu rwego rwo gutangiza ibyiciro bya plastike flame retardancy-ishyiraho urufatiro rwa sisitemu igezweho yo gucana flame retardant.
Ibizamini bibiri bishya byongeweho byongeweho: gutwika gutambitse (HB) no guhagarikwa guhagaritse.
Icyitegererezo gihagaritse cyambere cyagabanijwemo ibyiciro bitatu gusa: V-0, V-1, na V-2. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byingenzi byo gusuzuma byari ibirimi by'umuriro bisigaye kandi niba amazi yatonyanga yatwitse ipamba.
Igitabo cya gatatu (1980) cyanonosoye uburyo bwo kwipimisha, byemejwe na Minisiteri y’ingabo z’Amerika kandi byabaye itegeko ku bikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ibikoresho byo mu rugo.
Imipaka: Gusa ihujwe na plastike yuzuye, ikomeye; nta kizamini cyabigenewe kibaho kubikoresho byoroshye (urugero, EVA, EPDM ifuro, silicone ifuro); Ikigereranyo cyo kurwanya flame kubikoresho bito cyane birakabije kandi ntibihagije kugirango PCB - ubushyuhe bukabije - ibisabwa byubutabazi.
III. Gutezimbere Impamyabumenyi: Ongeraho ultra - urwego rwo hejuru rwa flame retardancy (5V) (1991–2012, Icya kane n'icya gatanu)
Igitabo cya kane (1991) nicyiciro cya gatanu (1996) cyatangije ibintu bibiri byingenzi bizamurwa mu ntera, bishyiraho uburyo bwo gushyira ibyiciro bya flame retardancy ibyiciro bikoreshwa kugeza na nubu.
Hiyongereyeho 5VA na 5VB ibipimo byo kurwanya flame (hejuru ya V - 0), bigereranya ibintu bifite ubushyuhe bukabije hamwe n’umuriro munini ufunguye;
5VA.
5VB: Emerera gutobora gato; murwego rwo hejuru - ubushyuhe bwubaka.
Ongeraho uburyo bwihariye bwo gupima firime yoroheje nibikoresho byoroshye kugirango ukemure ibibazo byo kugoreka ibizamini hamwe na EVA na EPDM.
Intambwe y'ingenzi mu nganda: Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, PCBs, hamwe n’ibikoresho bishya by’ingufu ubu bisaba ibimenyetso byemewe bya UL94 byemewe, mu gihe ibikoresho byo hasi - byaka umuriro HB - ibikoresho byo mu cyiciro bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro bivuye ku murongo w’inganda.
Impungenge z’ibidukikije hakiri kare: Uburayi bwabonye dioxyyine ikorwa mugihe umuriro utwika umuriro watwitse, bigatuma habaho imipaka ya halogene gakondo - ishingiye ku muriro - idindiza EVA ifuro.
IV. Iteration inonosoye: Ibipimo ngenderwaho byoguhuza isi yose (Edition 6, 2013)
Igitabo cya gatandatu cya UL94 cyasohotse mu 2013, gishimangira cyane kwihanganira ibizamini kugira ngo bihuze n’urunani rw’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ku isi.
Gereranya uburebure bwa flame, agaciro ka calorifique, urugero rwicyitegererezo, nubushyuhe bwibidukikije / ubuhehere bwamatara ya BenSheng kugirango ukureho itandukaniro ryibizamini muri laboratoire zo mubushinwa, Amerika, nu Burayi.
Ingaruka yubunini ku gipimo cyo kutagira umuriro kirasobanutse: ku ifuro imwe ya silicone, icyitegererezo cya mm 3 cyashyizwe mu rwego rwa V-0 gishobora kumanurwa kugeza kuri V-1 niba igice cya kopi gifite uburebure bwa mm 0,5 gusa.
Yubahirije amahame mpuzamahanga yo kurwanya flame ya ISO na IEC; Ibikoresho bya PCB byoherezwa mu bihugu by’Uburayi no mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya byemejwe kimwe mu byiciro bya UL94.
Amabwiriza y’ibidukikije yashyizwe mu bikorwa icyarimwe: amabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi agabanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa polybromine, bituma inganda zihinduka kuri halogen - Vic foam silicone yubusa hamwe nicyiciro - out halogen - irimo flame - ibikoresho bidindiza nka EVA na EPDM.
V. Ibipimo bigezweho:Ibisabwa bibiri mu kurengera ibidukikije no hejuru - Igikorwa cy'ubushyuhe (Igitabo cya 7, 2023, ubu kirakorwa)
Igitabo cya 7 cyasohotse mu 2023 ni verisiyo isanzwe ku isi, igaragaramo ibyongeweho byongeweho ibikoresho byogosha ifuro hamwe na PCB ikoresha ubushyuhe bwa PCB.
Sobanura ibipimo ngenderwaho bya sponges yoroheje, utandukanya ibiranga gutwikwa hagati ya - silicone ya selile, fungura - selile EPDM, na EVA yoroshye.
Kongera ibizamini bya flame bidasubirwaho nyuma yubusaza bukabije -
Gukemura ibibazo bikomeye byinganda: EVA nibisanzwe bya EPDM flame retardants yerekana hejuru - ubushyuhe bukabije; gusubiramo ubushyuhe bwumuriro bitera kwangirika kuva kuri V0 kugeza HB, bigatuma bidakwiriye kumurongo wa PCB.
Flame - retardant foam silicone, izwi cyane kubera kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi - no kutagira itandukanyirizo ryicyiciro mugihe ikomeza igipimo cy’umuriro wa V0, yahindutse ibikoresho byingenzi byifashishwa mu gukoresha ubushyuhe bukabije -.
Ibipimo bishya byerekana umwotsi muke - hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bitari - byangiza umuriro byashyizweho kugira ngo bihuze n’ibisabwa by’umutekano w’amahugurwa hamwe n’ibipimo by’umusaruro bisukuye ku mbaho zacapwe.
Icyerekezo cyisi yose: Urutonde rwumuriro wa flame ntirurimo gusa "kwigira - kuzimya iyo uhuye numuriro," ariko kandi hongeweho ibintu bitatu byongeweho - kwihanganira ubushyuhe, halogen - kubungabunga ibidukikije kubuntu, kandi nta gutemba.